Description
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………………………………………7
GENERAL OBJECTIVES …………………………………………………………………………………………..8
1.0 LESSON 1: COMMUNICATION THEORY …………………………………………………9
1.1 INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………………………………9
OBJECTIVES………………………………………………………………………………………………….9
1.2 DEFINITION OF COMMUNICATION……………………………………………………………..9
1.3 ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION……………………………………………………………..10
1.3.1 SOURCE……………………………………………………………………………………………………….10
1.3.2 CONTENT…………………………………………………………………………………………………….10
1.3.3 MESSAGE…………………………………………………………………………………………………….10
1.3.4 CHANNEL ……………………………………………………………………………………………………10
1.3.5 RECEIVER……………………………………………………………………………………………………10
1.3.6 FEEDBACK ………………………………………………………………………………………………….10
1.3.7 BARRIERS……………………………………………………………………………………………………11
1.4 MODELS OF COMMUNICATION ………………………………………………………………….11
1.4.1 THE PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION ………………………………………………………..11
1.4.2 OSGOOD’S MODEL ……………………………………………………………………………………..12
1.4.3 SCHRAMM’S MODEL ………………………………………………………………………………….13
1.5 FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION ……………………………………………………………13
1.5.1 UNDERSTANDING AND INSIGHT……………………………………………………………….13
1.5.2 MEANINGFUL RELATIONSHIPS …………………………………………………………………13
1.5.3 INFLUENCE AND PERSUASION………………………………………………………………….13
1.6 SUMMARY…………………………………………………………………………………………………..14
1.7 FURTHER READING ……………………………………………………………………………………14
2.0 LESSON 2: LISTENING AND ORAL PRESENTATION SKILLLS ……………16
2.1 INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………………………….16
OBJECTIVES………………………………………………………………………………………………..16
2.2 LISTENING SKILLS ……………………………………………………………………………………..17
2.2.1 DEFINITIONS……………………………………………………………………………………………….17
2.2.2 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LISTENING AND HEARING………………………………..17
2.2.3 LEVELS OF LISTENING……………………………………………………………………………….18
2.2.4 BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE LISTENING……………………………………………………….19
2.5. NOTE-TAKING …………………………………………………………………………………………….20
2.6 GUIDELINES TO NOTE-MAKING………………………………………………………………..20
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2.7 FORMATS…………………………………………………………………………………………………….22
2.7.1 LETTER AND NUMERAL FORMAT ……………………………………………………………22
2.7.2 CLUSTERING/MIND MAPS, ETC. ………………………………………………………………..22
2.7.3 FLOW CHART………………………………………………………………………………………………23
2.8 WHEN NOT TO TAKE NOTES ……………………………………………………………………..23
2.9 ORAL SKILLS: PUBLIC SPEAKING……………………………………………………………..24
2.9.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD SPEAKERS …………………………………………………24
2.9.2 STAGES ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….24
2.9.3 RESEARCHING THE AUDIENCE …………………………………………………………………24
2.9.4 SPEAKING TO FAMILIAR AUDIENCES ………………………………………………………25
2.10 THE SPEECH OCCASION …………………………………………………………………………….26
2.11 CHOOSING THE TOPIC………………………………………………………………………………..26
2.12 ORGANISING YOUR IDEAS…………………………………………………………………………28
2.12.1 FRAMEWORK………………………………………………………………………………………………28
2.12.2 NUMBER OF IDEAS……………………………………………………………………………………..28
2.12.3 SAMPLE PLAN/OUTLINE/PATTERN……………………………………………………………28
2.12.4 INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………………………….28
2.12.5 LINEAR OUTLINE………………………………………………………………………………………..29
2.12.6 PRE AND POST-SPEECH ANALYSIS……………………………………………………………29
2.13 SUMMARY…………………………………………………………………………………………………..29
12.14 FURTHER READING ……………………………………………………………………………………30
3.0 LESSON 3: READING SKILLS ………………………………………………………………….30
3.1 INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………………………….31
OBJECTIVES………………………………………………………………………………………………..32
3.2 PURPOSE FOR READING …………………………………………………………………………….32
3.2.1 READING FOR PLEASURE/ENTERTAINMENT……………………………………………32
3.2.2 READING FOR GENERAL INFORMATION ………………………………………………….32
3.2.3 READING TO GET INSTRUCTIONS OR DIRECTIONS …………………………………33
3.2.4 READING FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES……………………………………………………….33
3.3 TYPES OF READING …………………………………………………………………………………..33
3.3.1 SURVEY……………………………………………………………………………………………………….34
3.3.2 SURVEYING A BOOK/ READING MATERIAL SELECTION LEVEL…………….34
3.3.3 SURVEYING THE SELECTED BOOK …………………………………………………………..35
3.4 SKIMMING AND SCANNING……………………………………………………………………….37
3.4.1 SKIMMING…………………………………………………………………………………………………..37
3.4.2 SCANNING…………………………………………………………………………………………………..37
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3.5 OTHER TYPES OF READING……………………………………………………………………….41
3.5.1 LIGHT READING………………………………………………………………………………………….41
3.5.2 WORD BY WORD READING………………………………………………………………………..42
3.5.3 INTENSIVE READING………………………………………………………………………………….42
3.6 A READING FORMULA ……………………………………………………………………………..46
3.6.1 THE SQ3R…………………………………………………………………………………………………….46
3.7 NOTE-MAKING …………………………………………………………………………………………..47
3.7.1 WHERE TO WRITE NOTES ………………………………………………………………………….48
3.8 TRANSCODING……………………………………………………………………………………………49
3.9 SUMMARY…………………………………………………………………………………………………..50
3.10 FURTHER READING. …………………………………………………………………………………..51
4.O LESSON 4 : LIBRARY SKILLS…………………………………………………………………..51
4.1 INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………………………………51
OBJECTIVES………………………………………………………………………………………………..51
4.1.1 THE ROLE OF LIBRARY IN LEARNING………………………………………………………52
4.1.2 WHAT IS INFORMATION? …………………………………………………………………………..52
4.1.3 WHAT IS A LIBRARY?…………………………………………………………………………………52
4.1.4 THE ROLE OF A UNIVERSITY LIBRARY…………………………………………………….52
4.1.5 TYPES OF LIBRARIES………………………………………………………………………………….53
4.2 ORGANIZATION OF LIBRARY MATERIALS……………………………………………….55
4.2.1 COLLECTIONS IN A LIBRARY…………………………………………………………………….55
4.2.2 CLASSIFICATION ………………………………………………………………………………………..56
4.2.3 CLASSIFICATION OF LIBRARY MATERIALS……………………………………………..57
4.2.4 CLASSIFICATION SCHEMES……………………………………………………………………….57
4.3 INTERPRETING REFERENCES FROM A READING LIST …………………………….60
4.3.0 INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………………………….60
4.3.1 READING LIST …………………………………………………………………………………………….61
4.3.2 WHAT IS A READING LIST?………………………………………………………………………..61
4.3.3 CONTENTS OF READING LIST ……………………………………………………………………62
4.4. THE LIBRARY CATALOGUE……………………………………………………………………….63
4.4.0 INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………………………….63
4.4.1 WHAT IS A CATALOGUE?…………………………………………………………………………..64
4.4.2 FORMS OF CATALOGUES …………………………………………………………………………..64
4.4.3 TYPES OF CATALOGUES…………………………………………………………………………….64
4.4.4. HOW TO USE THE CATALOGUE…………………………………………………………………66
4.4.5 HOW TO LOCATE A BOOK USING THE CATALOGUE ……………………………….68
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4.4.6 ARRANGEMENT OF LIBRARY MATERIALS ………………………………………………69
4.5 INFORMATION SOURCES AND SREVICES…………………………………………………70
4.5.1 TYPES OF INFORMATION SERVICES ………………………………………………………..70
4.5.2 CATEGORIES OF REFERENCE BOOKS ……………………………………………………….70
4.5.3 TYPES OF REFERENCE AND INFORMATION SOURCES…………………………….70
4.5.4 LIBRARY SERVICES ……………………………………………………………………………………72
4.5.5 GUIDES AND ASSISTANCE TO LIBRARY USERS……………………………………….73
4.6 REFERENCING TECHNIQUES AND SEARCH STRATEGY…………………………..73
4.6.1 DOING A LIBRARY SEARCH ………………………………………………………………………73
4.6.2 SOME AVAILABLE STYLES OF REFERENCING TECHNIQUES ………………….75
4.6.3 WRITING A BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………………….80
4.7 FURTHER READING ……………………………………………………………………………………81
5.0 LESSON 5: STUDY SKILLS ……………………………………………………………………..81
5.1 INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………………………….81
5.2 STUDYING …………………………………………………………………………………………………..82
OBJECTIVES………………………………………………………………………………………………..82
5.3 REQUIREMENTS FOR YOUR STUDY (TOOLS OF TRADE) ………………………..82
5.3.1 BUDGETING ………………………………………………………………………………………………..83
5.4 KEEPING OF WRITTEN NOTES …………………………………………………………………..83
5.4.1 USE FILES ……………………………………………………………………………………………………83
5.4.2 USE OF EXERCISE BOOKS ………………………………………………………………………….84
5.5 PLANNING A STUDY SCHEDULE……………………………………………………………….85
5.5.1 A STUDY TIME-TABLE ……………………………………………………………………………….85
5.5.2 A PLACE OF STUDY…………………………………………………………………………………….86
5.5.3. TIME OF STUDY ………………………………………………………………………………………….87
5.5.4 METHOD OF STUDY……………………………………………………………………………………88
5.5.6 STUDY OR DISCUSSION GROUPS ………………………………………………………………89
5.6 REPARING FOR AND TAKING EXAMINATIONS ………………………………………..89
5.6.1 PREPARATION……………………………………………………………………………………………89
5.6.2 STEPS IN REVISING FOR AN EXAMINATION …………………………………………….90
5.6.3 WHAT DO YOU REVIEW?……………………………………………………………………………90
5.6.4 HOW DO YOU REVIEW? ……………………………………………………………………………..90
5.7 TAKING EXAMINATIONS……………………………………………………………………………91
5.7.1 TIPS ON TACKLING DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXAMINATION QUESTIONS…92
5.8 SUMMARY…………………………………………………………………………………………………..93
5.9 FURTHER READING ……………………………………………………………………………………93
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6.0 LECTURE 6: ACADEMIC ESSAY WRITING SKILLS …………………………….93
6.1 INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………………………….93
OBJECTIVES………………………………………………………………………………………………..94
6.2 FEATURES OF ACADEMIC WRITING………………………………………………………….94
6.2.1 THE WRITING PROCESS ……………………………………………………………………………..96
6.3 UNDERSTANDING ESSAY TOPICS……………………………………………………………..97
6.3.1 OPEN-ENDED TOPICS …………………………………………………………………………………97
6.3.2 CLOSED TOPICS. …………………………………………………………………………………………97
6.3.2 PARTS OF AN ESSAY TOPIC………………………………………………………………………97
6.4 PLANNING YOUR ESSAY. ………………………………………………………………………….99
6.4.1 GATHERING INFORMATION …………………………………………………………………….99
6.4.2 READING AND NOTE-MAKING ……………………………………………………………….100
6.4.3 A MODEL FORMAL OUTLINE ………………………………………………………………….101
6.5 DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE PARAGRAPHS………………………………………………..102
6.5.2 THE BODY PARAGRAPHS……………………………………………………………………….104
6.5.3 WHAT IS A PARAGRAPH? ………………………………………………………………………..105
6.5.4 THE TOPIC SENTENCE………………………………………………………………………………106
6.5.5 USING FACTS AND OPINIONS.………………………………………………………………….107
6.5.6 TRANSITIONAL PARAGRAPHS AND SENTENCES ……………………………………107
6.5.7 THE CONCLUDING PARAGRAPH ………………………………………………………………108
6.6 CREATING COHERENCE IN YOUR PARAGRAPHS …………………………………..108
6.6.1 TRANSITIONAL SIGNALS …………………………………………………………………………109
6.7 WRITING ARGUMENT………………………………………………………………………………..110
6.7.1 QUALIFY YOUR CLAIM…………………………………………………………………………….110
6.7.2 THE PROPOSITION…………………………………………………………………………………….111
6.7.3 CHECKLIST FOR ARGUMENT ………………………………………………………………….112
6.8 QUOTING, SUMMARIZING AND PARAPHRASING …………………………………..112
6.8.1 QUOTING …………………………………………………………………………………………………..113
6.8.2 SUMMARIZING………………………………………………………………………………………….114
6.8.3 PARAPHRASING………………………………………………………………………………………..115
6.9 THE BIBLIOGRAPHY OR REFERENCE LIST ……………………………………………..116
6.10. SUMMARY…………………………………………………………………………………………………117
FURTHER READING …………………………………………………………………………………………….118
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